Biomarkers reflecting inflammatory response and oxidative stress at various time points in patients undergoing pulmonary resection with or without limb remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC). n = 108 for each group. (A) Interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration; (B) tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentration; and (C) serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Data are represented as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05 versus baseline; #P < 0.05 versus control. T0 = after induction of anesthesia and just before one-lung ventilation (OLV) (baseline); T1 = 30 min after OLV was started and just before resuming two-lung ventilation; T2 = 60 min after OLV, 30 min after OLV was started, and just before resuming two-lung ventilation; T3 = 30 min after re-expansion; T4 to T7: 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after operation, respectively.