Effects of propofol and thiopental on the formation of GM1 ganglioside (GM1) liposome-induced amyloid β-protein (Aβ) assembly in cell-free systems. (A) Soluble Aβ at a concentration of 50 µm was incubated for 48h at 37°C in the presence or absence of GM1 liposomes with or without 20 µm propofol, 100 µm thiopental, or 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). (B) Soluble Aβ at a concentration of 50 µm was incubated at 37°C in the presence or absence of GM1 liposomes without anesthetics. After 48h, propofol (P) and thiopental (T) were added to the incubation mixtures at concentrations of 20 µm and 100 µm, respectively. Thioflavin T fluorescence intensity of the incubation mixtures was then determined. Each column represents the mean of six values ± SD. *P < 0.0001 (one-way ANOVA combined with Scheffe test). The control and C denote the incubation mixture without anesthetics.