Fig. 3. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inflammatory biomarkers in the perioperative period. Significant elevations are detected in interleukin-6 (IL-6) (F = 4.59, P = 0.01) (A ), interleukin-10 (IL-10) (F = 4.69, P = 0.008) (B ), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) (F4.66, P = 0.009) (C ) postoperatively in the CSF. In each case, the 24-h point was significantly increased using repeated-measures one-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni post hoc  test (**P < 0.01). Points are mean ± SD; preoperative time period to 24 h (n = 11), 48 h (n = 6) (see Materials and Methods).