Fig. 4.  Isoflurane opens mitoK^ATPchannels and depolarizes mitochondria in human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived cardiomyocytes. ΔΨ^mwas monitored in dissociated hESC-derived cardiomyocytes using tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE) fluorescence. The time point when drugs were added is indicated by the arrow . Diazoxide (50 μM) decreased TMRE fluorescence intensity, indicating mitochondrial depolarization. Application of isoflurane (Iso) also decreased TMRE fluorescence intensity, an effect that was partly blocked with 200 μM 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD). 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP; 100 μM) completely depolarized mitochondria. In group Iso+5-HD, four observations in the first time point of baseline and three observations in the second time point of baseline are missing, and in group DNP, four observations in the first five time points of baseline are missing. *P < 0.05 versus  baseline; # P < 0.05 versus  Iso + 5-HD.