Fig. 5.  The concentration-response curve of lipid emulsion in reverse of bupivacaine-induced asystole in isolated rat hearts. Pharmacology parameters, from 23% as bottom to top 121.1%, 3.35% for EC⁵⁰(95% CI: 1.73–6.49%), and 2.1 for HillSlope. Therefore, we fitted these to equation 1 and got the typical S-shaped concentration-response curve. We also used equation 2, where Y = 0.23 + 0.98/[1 + 10^{2.1*(0.53−X)}]. Equation 2, R²= 0.9758. RPPr = the ratio of the maximum rate-pressure product during recovery to baseline value.