Fig. 3. Glucose infusion up-regulated phosphorylation of Akt and Foxo3 in rat gastrocnemius muscles.  A and  B : Fasted rats were subjected to laparotomy for 4 h under anesthesia. During and for 4 h after laparotomy, the rats were continuously infused with acetated Ringer’s solution without glucose (control), or containing 1% or 5% glucose. The gastrocnemius muscles were isolated 8 h after the induction of anesthesia. Homogenates (40 μg protein/lane) from the gastrocnemius muscle were subjected to SDS-8%- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. (  A ) Immunoblottings for protein kinase B (Akt) and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and forkhead box O3 (Foxo3) and (  B ) phosphorylated Foxo3 (p-Foxo3) were performed. The intensity ratios of phosphorylated Akt and Foxo3 against the respective total proteins were calculated and compared with the values of the control group. Values are means ± SD, n = 10 or 7 (nonsurgical treatment group). Means with different superscripts differ significantly (  P < 0.05).