Fig. 17. Techniques of selective delivery of drugs to the brain that are currently under development. These techniques generally target unique features of the blood–brain barrier, such as specific molecules or transport mechanisms. Intracarotid delivery can enhance the effectiveness of these techniques by increasing the speed of onset of drug effects and delivering exceedingly high first-pass concentrations. CED = convection enhanced delivery; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid. From Joshi  et al. 11; used with kind permission of Springer Science and Business Media.