Fig. 5. Biomarkers for perioperative renal function at various time points for the placebo (PLACEBO )– and sevoflurane (SEVO )–treated groups: CysC (A ) and creatinine (B ). Two-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated that the groups significantly differed in plasma CysC concentrations (time effect, P < 0.001; group effect, P < 0.009; group–time interaction, P < 0.001). Multiple t  tests with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons were used to compare the plasma concentrations of CysC and creatinine at each time point with the respective preoperative baseline value within groups and to compare plasma concentrations at each time point between groups. *Significantly increased compared with baseline values (P < 0.05). **Significantly decreased compared with baseline values (P < 0.05). †Significant difference between groups (P < 0.05). PLACEBO  group with narrow cap and SEVO  group with wide cap. The plot shows medians and lower and upper quartiles.