Fig. 1. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines during anesthesia in smoking (n = 30; circles) and nonsmoking (n = 30; squares) patients. Ratios of cytokine mRNA to β-actin mRNA are presented as the mean ± SD. *Statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) from elapsed time zero in each group. #Statistically significant difference (P < 0.01) from the nonsmoking group.