Fig. 4.
Biomarkers over time after acute kidney injury (AKI). Schematic representation of the levels of several biomarkers over time. The baseline (time 0) is immediately after cardiac bypass (CBP). The lines are a schematic of the predicted rise and fall of the biomarkers after CBP as a function of time and when levels become significant enough to cross the threshold for diagnosing AKI. These patterns and specifically the timeline for diagnosing AKI represent ideal circumstances (the shortest possible time interval shown in a clinical study) and not necessarily what will prove to be clinically verifiable. Cystatin-C, serum cystatin C; IGFBP7, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; TIMP-2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2. Reprinted with permission.78