Fig. 2.
Excitation of CaMKIIa+ neurons in the parabrachial nucleus region decreased delta oscillations, non–rapid-eye-movement (non-REM), and REM sleep without anesthesia. (A) An example spectrogram shows the spectral power for 0 to 30 Hz over time in the prefrontal electroencephalogram after intraperitoneal injection of saline (top). The electromyography (EMG) from the same experiment shows a lack of movement during times with high delta power (bottom). (B) An example spectrogram from the same rat after clozapine-N-oxide injection shows an absence of high delta power (top). The corresponding EMG shows stillness, possibly due to the clozapine-N-oxide injection (bottom; see “Discussion”). (C) Summary of power differences between conditions over time shows decreased mean delta power for clozapine-N-oxide experiments relative to saline experiments. For all power difference traces in this and subsequent figures, the traces represent the median (±99% CI) of a bootstrapped collection of 5,000 mean differences. Thus, time points where the CIs (shaded regions) do not overlap with zero show statistically significant differences with 99% confidence. Time periods that show statistically significant differences with 99% confidence are indicated by black bars above the dashed zero line, representing lower power in the clozapine-N-oxide condition. Saline or clozapine-N-oxide injections were given at time 0 h. (A) through (C) have the same time axes. (D) Comparison of the amount of time spent in waking (left), non-REM (middle), and REM (right) stages between saline and clozapine-N-oxide conditions for the 5 h after injection. Time spent in waking was longer and time spent in non-REM and REM sleep was shorter with clozapine-N-oxide experiments, relative to saline experiments, in a statistically significant way. *P < 0.05, two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test.