Fig. 5.
Oral magnesium-l-threonate (L-TAMS) abolishes the vincristine (VCR)-induced up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the spinal dorsal horn. (A) The time course of TNF-α expression in the spinal dorsal horn at different time points after the onset of vincristine (VCR) injection is shown (n = 6 per group). (B) The up-regulation of TNF-α by VCR was blocked by L-TAMS (n = 6 per group). **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, compared with the vehicle (Veh) group; ###P < 0.001, compared with the VCR group. (C) The double immunofluorescence staining with confocal microscopy shows that TNF-α is located in the nuclei of dorsal horn neurons (NeuN, a), C-fibers (IB4, b; and calcitonin gene–related peptide [CGRP], c) but not in A-fibers (NF200, d), microglia (OX-42, e), and astrocyte (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP]; f). The arrowheads indicate the coimmunostaining of TNF-α and cell markers.