Change in global ventricular activation recovery interval (ARI). (A) ARI was reduced by left stellate ganglion stimulation (LSS) pre–thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) but that reduction was attenuated post-TEA. (B) Reduction in magnitude of ARI in pre-TEA versus post-TEA treatment. *All P < 0.005 versus baseline (BL), #P = 0.001 versus pre-TEA. n = 8.