Fig. 5.
Increased type 2 ryanodine receptors in human Alzheimer’s disease cells. Type 2 ryanodine receptors (RyR, RyR-2, or RYR-2) were more in both sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (SAD) and familial Alzheimer disease (FAD) cells and dramatically more in cells from familial Alzheimer’s disease patients (A and B), determined by immunoblotting (Western Blot). Similarly, type 2 ryanodine receptors protein was significantly greater in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease cells determined by immunofluorescence staining (C and D). All data are means ± SD from four independent experiments (N = 4 replicates, B) or 7 independent experiments (N = 7 replicates, D). The data in B was nonparametric (D’Agostino-Pearson omnibus normality test) and analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis test (P = 0.132) followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison tests (P = 0.158), compared to control healthy subjects (CON) cells. The data in D were also nonparametric and were analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis test (P = 0.002) followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison tests. *P = 0.020; **P = 0.002. Scale bar, 25 μm (C). DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.