Fig. 2.
Cardiovascular suppression caused by bupivacaine infusion. (A, B) Time courses of heart rate (A) and mean arterial pressure (B) changes during bupivacaine infusion in sham (green) and modified transverse aortic constriction rats (red). The times to doubled QRS complex and cardiac arrest significantly decreased in aortic constriction rats. The horizontal and vertical error bars show the SD of measured time and vital signs when mild or severe cardiotoxicity developed, respectively. (C) Cumulative doses of bupivacaine for cardiac arrest. (D) Plasma concentrations of bupivacaine 1 min after cardiac arrest. Data are presented as mean ± SD (sham: n = 12; aortic constriction: n = 11). (a) and (b) indicate the time points where the duration of QRS complex was doubled in sham and aortic constriction rats, respectively. *P < 0.05 or **P < 0.01. HR, heart rate; MAP, mean arterial pressure.