Bioelectronic medicine. Bioelectronic medicine treats disease through the use of electricity to activate or inhibit neural circuits. This therapeutic modality can interface with both the afferent and efferent branches of a neural reflex to modulate the amount of information propagating down the nerve fibers. The long-term objective of this therapeutic approach is to allow clinicians to record the electrical activity in the nerve so as to extract real-time information about patient status. This information can be incorporated into diagnosis and monitoring algorithms as well as inform therapeutic delivery of either electrical or pharmacologic treatment in a patient-specific fashion.