Experimental disease models that respond to pharmacologic or electrical stimulation of the inflammatory reflex. A more detailed discussion of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in sepsis, ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), postoperative cognitive dysfunction myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI), and hemorrhage is provided in the main text. ICH = intracranial hemorrhage; POCD = postoperative cognitive dysfunction; α7nAChR = α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.