Fig. 3. The effects of volatile anesthetics on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) binding to lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) in cell-free assays. (A–C ) Flow cytometry was used to study ICAM-1 binding to wild-type (WT) and high-affinity (HA) LFA-1 extracellular portion proteins on beads in the presence or absence of isoflurane (A ), sevoflurane (B ), or chloroform (C ). Data represent the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments and are expressed as a percentage of mock-treated samples. (A and B ) One-way analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc analyses was used to compare the data at different anesthetic concentrations within either WT LFA-1 or HA LFA-1. *P < 0.05 vs. mock-treated WT LFA-1. (C ) Percentage of ICAM-1 binding at 4.5 mM chloroform is shown. A Student t test was used to compare mock- and chloroform (4.5 mM)-treated samples within WT LFA-1 or HA LFA-1. No statistical significance was observed.