Fig. 5. Effects of T8–T12 denervation on food reinforcement after abdominal surgery. The mean (SEM) food pellets earned in the first 8 or 15 h after abdominal incision with ( upper ) or without ( lower ) gut manipulation is shown. The groups include sham surgery control ( open bars ), surgery after sham denervation ( dark bars ), and surgery after T8–T12 denervation ( hatched bars ). # Significantly different from sham surgery ( P < 0.05).