Fig. 2. Effects of bilateral rostral medial medulla (RMM) lesions on the bee venom (BV)-induced (A , B ) or the formalin-induced (C , D ) persistent spontaneous flinching reflexes (PSFR). Graphs A and C show the time courses of the BV- and the formalin-induced PSFR in control (open squares ) and the RMM-lesioned (filled squares ) groups, respectively. Graphs B and D show the mean numbers of the BV- and the formalin-induced PSFR per 5 min of a 1-h total time course (left column ), the initial 10-min period (middle column ) and the last 50 min period (right column ), respectively, in control and the RMM-lesioned groups. ANOVA post hoc Scheffé test analysis showed that bilateral lesions of the RMM produced significant inhibition of the total PSFR and that in the late 50 min, but without significant effect on that in the initial 0–10 min induced by either BV or formalin. **P < 0.01. Vertical bars:±SD.