Fig. 4. The effect of timing of isoflurane (1.5%) delivered for 30 min (horizontal line) on cell survival in vascular smooth muscle cells exposed to cytokines for 72 h. Isoflurane was completed 4, 2, or 1 h or immediately prior to cytokines, administered simultaneously with cytokines, or initiated 30 min after cytokines. # Denotes that isoflurane significantly (P < 0.05) increased cell survival compared to cytokines alone. * Denotes isoflurane significantly (P < 0.05) increased cell survival compared to no isoflurane but less than when completed 1 h prior to cytokines. Cell survival of the groups in which isoflurane was administered 4 h prior or 30 min after cytokine exposure were not different from controls (not shown). Data are mean ± SD.