Fig. 1. The effect of isoflurane (1.5%) delivered for 30 min immediately prior to exposure to cytokines on cell survival (A ) and viability (B ) after 96 h in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Groups are no cytokines (neg), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF), interferon γ (IFN), interleukin 1β (IL1), or combinations of two or three of these. # Denotes that isoflurane significantly (P < 0.05) increased cell survival and cell viability compared to cytokines alone (control). Data are mean ± SD.