Table 2. System-oriented Clinical Manifestations of Nerve Agent Intoxication

Clinical manifestations result from intense cholinomimetic poisoning as a result of an excess of acetylcholine in the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems. Visceral smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and the secretory glands are influenced through muscarinic hyperstimulation (antidotal treatment: atropine), whereas autonomic ganglia and skeletal muscle are affected due to nicotinic hyperstimulation (antidotal treatment: oximes).