Fig. 2. Maternal heart rate (HR) after onset of spinal anesthesia. Vasopressor infusions (ephedrine [E]± phenylephrine [P]) were started at the end of spinal injection (time zero). Maternal HR was significantly lower in the group that received ephedrine plus phenylephrine (P = 0.03); maternal HR remained unchanged in this group, whereas it increased in the group that received ephedrine only from 3 to 6 min after spinal anesthesia (P < 0.05 vs.  time zero). Data are mean values with 95% confidence intervals. bpm = beats/min.