Table 1. Cardiac Anesthesia Risk Evaluation Score

* Examples: controlled hypertension, diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, controlled systemic diseases, others as judged by clinicians.

† Examples: unstable angina treated with intravenous heparin or nitroglycerin, preoperative intraaortic balloon pump, heart failure with pulmonary or peripheral edema, uncontrolled hypertension, renal insufficiency (creatinine level > 140 μmol/l), debilitating systemic diseases, others as judged by clinicians.

‡ Examples: reoperation, combined valve and coronary artery surgery, multiple valve surgery, left ventricular aneurysmectomy, repair of ventricular septal defect after myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass of diffuse or heavily calcified vessels, other as judged by clinicians.