Fig. 8. A typical simulation for n = 100 data points and steepness of the concentration–effect relation (γ) = 6. For this simulation, it was assumed that each data point came from the same patient and that drug concentration associated with a 50% probability of drug effect (C50) = 100. The filled triangles indicate the simulated drug effect (i.e. , whether there was a positive drug effect) as a function of concentration. The solid line indicates the true concentration–effect relation. The dashed line shows the concentration–effect predicted by the maximum likelihood estimates of C50and γ.