Fig. 4.
Markers of inflammation in lung tissue. (A) Values are shown as median and interquartile range with whiskers indicating minimum and maximum, and were obtained from 28 animals in total (n = 7 per group). There were no missing values. Statistical significance was accepted at P < 0.05. Differences among groups were tested with Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by Mann–Whitney U test with Bonferroni–Holm adjustment for pairwise comparison. *Versus P-MVcontr; #versus UP-MVcontr; †versus UP-MVspon. P values in the figure represent group effect. Post hoc analysis: (A) ventral: P-MVcontr = versus UP-MVcontrP = 0.902, versus UP-MVsponP = 0.710, versus UP-MVPSP = 0.026; UP-MVcontr = versus UP-MVsponP = 0.383, versus UP-MVPSP = 0.001 and UP-MVspon = versus UP-MVPSP = 0.002; (A), dorsal: P-MVcontr = versus UP-MVcontrP = 0.018, versus UP-MVsponP = 0.038, versus UP-MVPSP < 0.001; UP-MVcontr = versus UP-MVsponP = 0.901, versus UP-MVPSP = 0.001 and UP-MVspon = versus UP-MVPSP = 0.011; (B), ventral: P-MVcontr =versus UP-MVcontrP = 0.259, versus UP-MVsponP = 0.620, versus UP-MVPSP = 0.053; UP-MVcontr = versus UP-MVsponP = 0.805, versus UP-MVPSP = 0.007 and UP-MVspon = versus UP-MVPSP = 0.053; (B), dorsal: P-MVcontr = versus UP-MVcontrP = 0.097, versus UP-MVsponP = 1.000, versus UP-MVPSP = 0.002; UP-MVcontr = versus UP-MVsponP = 0.165, versus UP-MVPSP < 0.001 and UP-MVspon = versus UP-MVPSP = 0.002. Dorsal = dorsal lung regions; IL-8 = interleukin 8 (B), and in ventral and, P-MVcontr = controlled mechanical ventilation according to the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome network; TNF-α =tumor necrosis factor-α (A); UP-MVcontr = controlled ultraprotective mechanical ventilation; UP-MVPS = continuous positive airway pressure combined with pressure supported spontaneous breathing; UP-MVspon = ultraprotective mechanical ventilation with mandatory cycles and superposed unassisted spontaneous breathing.