Fig. 8. Effects of removing extracellular calcium (Ca = 0) or 2-aminoethyl diphenyl borate (2APB, 10−4m) on dexmedetomidine (Dex, 10−6m)–induced extracellular signal–regulated protein kinase 2 biphosphorylation (pERK2). Data (mean ± SD) are expressed as a fractional pERK2 on actin ratio increase from basal phosphorylation (control: 100%). Analysis of variance for pERK2 was F = 756.7, P < 0.0001. Post hoc analysis used Bonferroni correction. *** P < 0.0001 versus control with extracellular calcium, # P < 0.0001 versus control without extracellular calcium. NS = not significant.