Fig. 4. Neuromuscular blocking agents' effects on pulmonary inflation pressures induced by either vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) or intravenous acetylcholine (ACh). ( A ) Clinically relevant doses of vecuronium are without significant effect on vagal nerve– or intravenous ACh–induced increases in pulmonary inflation pressures. Supraclinical doses of vecuronium significantly potentiated intravenous ACh–induced increases in pulmonary inflation pressures (# P < 0.05 compared with baseline; n = 6). ( B ) Clinically relevant doses of rocuronium are without significant effect on vagal nerve– or intravenous ACh–induced increases in pulmonary inflation pressures (# P < 0.05 compared with baseline; n = 9). Supraclinical doses of rocuronium significantly potentiated intravenous ACh–induced increases in pulmonary inflation pressures (# P < 0.05 compared with baseline; n = 10). ( C ) Clinically relevant concentrations of cisatracurium are without significant effects on vagal nerve– or intravenous ACh–induced increases in airway pressures (# P < 0.05 compared with baseline; n = 6). ↓= Human intubating dose.