Fig. 4. Time course of antinociceptive effects (percentage maximum possible effect) for various mixtures of 30 or 100 μg racemic ketamine, R  (−)-ketamine, or S  (+)-ketamine with dexmedetomidine. Each point represents the mean ± SEM of the data from 5–14 animals. *P < 0.05 versus  baseline; +P < 0.05 versus  saline; x P < 0.05 versus  racemic ketamine–dexmedetomidine treatment.

Fig. 4. Time course of antinociceptive effects (percentage maximum possible effect) for various mixtures of 30 or 100 μg racemic ketamine, R  (−)-ketamine, or S  (+)-ketamine with dexmedetomidine. Each point represents the mean ± SEM of the data from 5–14 animals. *P < 0.05 versus  baseline; +P < 0.05 versus  saline; x P < 0.05 versus  racemic ketamine–dexmedetomidine treatment.

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