Table 1. Diagnostic Characteristics of Contrast-enhanced Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography (c-TCD), Contrast-enhanced Transthoracic Echocardiography (c-TTE), and Contrast-enhanced Transesophageal Echocardiography (c-TEE) in Detecting a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) before Operations in the Sitting Position

c-TEE was defined as the gold standard (n = 92, chi-square test).

*P < 0.05.