Table 1. Patient Demographics, Postoperative Data, and MAC^awake

Esophageal temperature was measured at the time of the first responsiveness to a verbal command. Epidural dose is the total volume of 1.5% mepivacaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine administered epidurally until 15 min after extubation. Epidural level was checked using pin pricks 15 min after extubation. The pain rating was the numerical quantification of incisional pain by the patient using a 0–10 verbal rating scale, with 0 and 10 being no pain and the worst pain imaginable, respectively. Data are mean ± SD, except for the epidural level and the pain rating, which are reported as median (range).